programming concepts

Because there are no library functions with predetermined definitions, a user-defined function is one that is written by the user when writing any application. To fulfill the user's individual needs, the user must create his or her own functions. Such functions must be appropriately defined by the user. There is no such necessity to include any specific library in the program.

Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming, and it allows you to create new classes (derived or subclass) that inherit properties and behaviors from existing classes (base or superclass). In C++, inheritance is a key feature, and it enables you to establish a hierarchy of classes.

Encapsulation means that covering up of data under a single unit.

In Method Overloading we have two or more than two methods those have the same name but different parameters.

when a copy of the original value is passed to the function, then it is known as Call by value in C#

Inheritance is the concept that is used for code reusability and changeability purpose.

The do while loop statement executes a statement or a block of statements while a specified Boolean expression evaluates to true. Because that expression is evaluated after each execution of the loop, a do-while loop executes one or more times.The do while loop stops execution exits when a boolean condition evaluates to false. Because the while(condition) specified at the end of the block, it certainly executes the code block at least once.This differs from the while loop, which executes zero or more times. The do while loop is the same as while loop except that it executes the code block at least once

Overriding methods is a key idea in Java object-oriented programming. It enables a subclass to provide a particular implementation of a method defined in the superclass. When you override a method, you replace the superclass's inherited implementation with your own version in the subclass. This allows for polymorphism and dynamic method dispatch.